a. Chinese people tend to look pretty much alike. 2022. Unfortunately, even when some countries have created legal protections, they thought that equality applied to only select groups. ____________ can be defined as any physical or verbal behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy. B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. divided her class into blue eyes and brown eyes to teach her kids about discrimination. Because the attributes of group categories can be either good or bad, we tend to favor the groups with people like us and incidentally disfavor the others. ethnocentrism . Ingroup bias is the tendency to favor and support individuals who belong to groups we identify with. Social identity theory (Tajfel, Billig, Bundy, & Flament, 1971) describes this tendency to favor one's own in-group over another's outgroup. It was used in the context of the last major effort by electric utilities . Where slavery was practiced, prejudice ran strong. Prejudice, Discrimination, and Stereotyping, Greenwald, Banaji, Rudman, Farnham, Nosek, & Mellott, 2002, Greenwald, Poehlman, Uhlmann, & Banaji, 2009, https://onlinepsych.pepperdine.edu/blog/prejudice-discrimination-coping-skills/, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups . Mr. Wong, a high school teacher, tells his class that he thinks boys tend to be less anxious and, thus, give better speeches than girls. Idea that individuals pair up into relationships with people who are similar to their level of physical attraction. d. vivid cases. People are generally faster at pairing their own group with good categories. C) Having an unreasonable fear of those who are different from you. More recently, during the COVID-19 pandemic, some people held hostile views of Asian-Americans, who they perceived as being associated with the coronavirus (Misra, Le, Goldmann & Yang, 2020). -cies. Fundamental Attribution Error - Simply Psychology b. egocentrism.c. View Essay - chapter_12 from HLT 1353 at University of Houston. Log in Join. The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. Highly dominating, highly authoritarian personalities. Which of the following is true of violent male criminals? The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group: Term. 1. Psychology CH 16 Flashcards | Chegg.com They have relatively low levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone. The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. Blatant biases (also called explicit biases) are conscious beliefs, feelings, and behavior that people are perfectly willing to admit, which express hostility toward other groups (outgroups) while unduly favoring ones own group (in-group). c. outgroup bias. They are excited on the morning of the competition because they both believe that their team is going to win since they are the better team. Confirmation bias occurs from the direct influence of desire on beliefs. Most people have a positive view of themselves. Microaggressions are often subtle so that makes them easy to shake off. Confirmation Bias: Definition, Signs, Overcoming - Verywell Mind Exam 1 Dr. This best illustrates, Social loafing referes to the tendency for people to, Exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal. To illustrate this pattern, we turn to two ideologies related to bias. . C) a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals. This behavior is best explained in terms of: Your textbook defines _____ as a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. His increasing hostility can best be explained in terms of, In laboratory experiments, merely observing someone receive painful electric shocks leads viewers to think less of the victim. He believes in strict obedience to authority and is intolerant of weakness in others. A simple way to understand these mixed feelings, across a variety of groups, results from the Stereotype Content Model shows that social groups are viewed according to their perceived warmth and competence. Dispositional (Internal) Attribution Theory. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Social psychology, Positive illusions, Self-serving bias and more. b. physical attractiveness. D) the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate. Similarly, Ecuador guarantees the fundamental right to sexual orientation and gender identity. When 12-year-old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk, he prepared to offer help. Altemeyer, B. Denote the maximal utility as a function of ppp and mmm by U(p,m)U^*(p, m)U(p,m), the value function, also called the indirect utility function. (2010), since the Iraq war, Americans with a strong national identity expressed the most disdain for: People redirect their hostility when the cause of their frustration is intimidating or unknown. Quia - AP Psychology Ch.16 Social Examined the impact of obedience to authority with his controversial Shock experiment. The tendency to favor ones own cultural group over other groups is known as A) elitism . The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Take the IAT. Membership. a. cognitive dissonance. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias: just-world phenomenon b. d. women tend to share similar attitudes about sex. Desirable? You are Black, and you have difficulty recognizing the White customers who were in your store during a robbery. the tendency to favor our own group. Under the proper circumstances, most people can suppress their natural aggressiveness. the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet - labinsky.com . At the time it was written, however, women and minorities (especially enslaved people) were not included in this sentiment. These small interactions can have devastating effects on the hopeful interviewees ability to perform well (Word, Zanna, & Cooper, 1974). Instead, it measures how quickly people make judgments about the goodness or badness of various groups. When she gets home in the evening, she criticizes her friend's choice of restaurant for dinner. Since 1946, the average midterm loss for the president's party is 25 seats. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes, adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard, influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval, influence resulting from ones willingness to accept others opinions about reality, stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others, the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable, the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity, the enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. b. the bystander effect. Frontiers | Preferences and beliefs in ingroup favoritism just-world phenomenon Some of the jurors commented on the rape victim's history of going out to various bars and they said she had been dressed too provocatively; in other words, "looking like that," she had asked to be assaulted. c. They have relatively low levels of serotonin and low levels of testosterone. The stereotype content model attends to two major dimensions of evaluating other people: warmth and competence. The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the: "Teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to stress. Devine and her colleagues (2005) note that automatic prejudices subside when ________. We identify o We compare Ingroup bias o Tendency to favor ones own group o. c. social facilitation. What is NOT a reason why watching media violence have negative consequences. And a stereotypical old person would be seen as high in warmth but lower in competence. Intergroup bias. Tajfel (1979) proposed that the groups (e.g. Instead, when he returns home, he shouts at his son for playing video games. Individualistic culture is to independent self as collectivistic culture is to _______ self. During lunch a group of computer science majors were discussing their choice of field. This experiment best illustrated the impact of, The discomfort we feel when 2 thoughts are inconsistent is called, Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as the, We tend to feel cheerful around happy people and sad around depressed people. Turner, J. C. (1975). When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. The change in Raul's behavior best illustrates the impact of, A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage, Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to, Deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers, Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because, The "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted. In some countries, women who have been raped are sometimes sentenced to punishment for having violated a law against adultery. For the following sentence, make corrections in end mark, period, and comma usage as needed. Another example includes people who feel benevolent toward traditional women but hostile toward nontraditional women. C) a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. If word-of-mouth hiring practices in an all-White business have the effect of excluding potential non-White employees, the practice could be called: Bill is often described as judgmental, ethnocentric, and punitive. What are the demand functions in this case? These maps of the group terrain predict specific types of discrimination for specific kinds of groups. HLT 1353. chapter_12_answers - CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action, a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people, unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members, Uspeople with whom we share a common identity, Themthose perceived as different or apart from our ingroup, the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame, the tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately than faces of other races. Draw a circle graph with this information. 97 terms. It applies U.S. GAAP and reports in U.S. dollars. On your way to school one day, ask yourself how many types of vehicles breeze down Main St U.S.A., on the average? Her explanation for the accident provides and example of. Most people also identify as members of certain groups but not others. Blatant bias is not a thing of the past, however. : Men are more intelligent. The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. Just ask yourself if youve ever been asked, What are you? This question is frequently asked to people about their ethnicity, national origin, gender identity, religion, and other group affiliations. Discrimination and the implicit association test. What term describes the tendency to recall faces of ones own race more The tendency of people to believe that one gets what one deserves and deserves what one gets is called: In Harber's (1998) study, poorly written essays received high ratings if participants were led to believe they were written by Black students rather than White students. Misra, S., Le, P.T., Goldmann, E. & Yang, L.H. Neither realized, however, that Sabina needed the car only in the early evening and that Pablo needed it only in the late evening. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like modern racism, ingroup bias, been more racially prejudiced than others and more. A) the tendency to favor members of one's own group. lowering the value of ones house; fewer openings in the school; etc.). However, imagine if every time you ate ice cream, you got a brain freeze. Unit 23. Psychology- CH. 11 intergroup relations Flashcards | Quizlet After Manny's father refused to let him use the family car on Friday night, Manny let all the air out of the tires. Consequently, the girls in his class become apprehensive when preparing and giving speeches in his class. People higher on SDO tend to choose and thrive in occupations that maintain existing group hierarchies (police, prosecutors, business), compared to those lower in SDO, who tend to pick more equalizing occupations (social work, public defense, psychology). In-group favoritism, sometimes known as in-group-out-group bias, in-group bias, intergroup bias, or in-group preference, is a pattern of favoring members of one's in-group over out-group members. "Them"those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup. Although categorizing can be useful, it can also result in serious and negative consequences when labels are associated with a person or groups worth. Tell your classmates what you will visit and what you will do and see there. Consider the utility maximization problem, maxxa+ysubjecttopx+y=m\max x^a+y \quad \text { subject to } p x+y=m Module 43 Questions Flashcards | Quizlet Peter Principle: The Peter Principle is an observation that the tendency in most organizational hierarchies , such as that of a corporation, is for every employee to rise in the hierarchy through . It might be easy to dismiss the IAT findings of the all-too-human tendency toward faster, more favorable processing of ones own group. Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process. It generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action. Aggression tendency. Social Sciences. Identities are not so simple, but maybe as the 21st century unfurls, we will recognize each other by the content of our individual character instead of against the backdrop of stereotypes. What connection has been found in experiments exploring self-image and prejudice? A) lack of critical thinking due to a strong desire for social harmony within a group. If people hold a negative view of Margaret because they hold negative views about older adults in general, this is prejudice. bias. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like True or false: Prejudice definitions can include positive or negative judgments., Prejudice is having a negative attitude toward groups or individuals, whereas _____ is when those attitudes turn into behaviors toward the group or individual., In the context of the world, every race is a: and more. A) perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others. B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. The scale, from Luhtanen and Crocker (1992), is shown in Table 12.2 "The Collective Self-Esteem Scale". Tensions between, say, a White persons own good intentions, on the one hand, and discomfort with closely interacting with a Black person, on the other hand, may cause the White person to behave stiffly or be distracted. . Ever since he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus. Employees were reimbursed when they presented petty cash vouchers to the petty cash custodian. According to these jurors, this case is best explained in terms of the: The tendency to favor one's own group, the group with whom we share a common identity, is called: Kelly is a Republican and Carlos is a Democrat. However, to justify preferential treatment, people often exaggerate the differences between their in-group and an outgroup. For example, the SDO gender difference (men higher, women lower) appears all over the world. The tendency to favor one's own . These types of stereotypes were overt, unapologetic, and expected to be shared by otherswhat we now call blatant biases. They were generalizations about a group, since most of the college students did not interact with people from Turkey. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. experiments were performed despite mass student protests against the research. One student admitted that he had once considered becoming an accountant but decided against it because "accountants are all boring number crunchers without an ounce of creativity." This is an especially useful way to measure potential biases because it does not simply ask people to openly report on the extent to which they discriminate against others. self-worth. Both believe that the members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of any other party. CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. All of the following are examples of measures of central tendency What is a FALSE statement regarding the research on microaggressions. the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet. Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. the preference for order, clarity, and conventional values) and conservative beliefs. b. the foot-in-the-door-phenomenon. e. Essentialism. Social categorization and stereotyping in vivo: The VUCA challenge. The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. A generalized (sometimes accurate, but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. The difference is that we categories ourselves, as self-categorization theory points out (Turner, 1975). Rumination refers to the tendency to repetitively think about the causes, situational factors, and consequences of one's negative emotional experience (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991). For example, imagine that a person believes left-handed people are more creative than right-handed people. By contrast, those high in RWA may equally dislike the outgroup member moving into the neighborhood but for different reasons. Pages 14 refers to the tendency to view the world through ones own cultural Weddings are generally happy occasions (it is more appropriate to say congratulations than I am so sorry), they are formal affairs (people typically dress up), and they usually include food (you dont need to stop and eat before attending the wedding). ch 9 quiz Flashcards | Quizlet c. animals can be bred for aggressiveness. These groups could be formed by gender, race, ethnicity, or a favorite sports team. (tn dn si) n., pl. Black people tend to dress pretty much alike. Influence (conforming) resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality. Was the White person right to avoid the situation so that neither person would feel uncomfortable? For example, by crediting the ingroup for its successes, while blaming external factors for its failures. This module focuses on biases against individuals based on group membership and against groups. For example, rich people are often viewed as competent but cold. The tendency for people to believe the world is Just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. tendency: 1 n an inclination to do something Synonyms: leaning , propensity Type of: inclination that toward which you are inclined to feel a liking n an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others "a tendency to be too strict" Synonyms: disposition , inclination Types: show 31 types. "Us"people with whom we share a common identity. Beth believes that all sorority members are unintelligent and self-centered. The larger issue, however, is that own-group preference often results in liking other groups less. Although research has shown that people higher in SDO are more likely to be politically conservative, there are other traits that more strongly predict ones SDO. Social facilitation refers to the tendency to, Perform well learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others, Expert pool players were observed to make 71 percent of their shots when alone. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. What Is Confirmation Bias? | Psychology Today . Social psychologists have developed several ways to measure this automatic preference, the most famous being the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, Banaji, Rudman, Farnham, Nosek, & Mellott, 2002; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998). In Juries, Lawyers Now Favor the Uninformed - The New York Times - CNBC In-group favouritism and out-group discrimination in naturally - PLOS Notably, the combination of high RWA and high SDO predicts joining hate groups that openly endorse aggression against minority groups, immigrants, homosexuals, and believers in non-dominant religions (Altemeyer, 2004). First, there is the problem of stereotyping. People who score higher on the scale show more ingroup favoritism in comparison with those who score lower on it (Stangor & Thompson, 2002). Whereas SDO emphasizes potential economic conflicts, RWA focuses on value conflicts. c. frontal lobes His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in, An expectation that people will help those who depend on them is known as the, Two conflicting groups who share the same negative views of one another demonstrate. Indicate the amount of expenses (if any) the firm recognizes during the months of June, July, and August in each of the following hypothetical transactions. 33. For example, authoritarian leaders tend to allocate more national resources to members of their own tribe, religious sect, or political party. After meeting Kim, who has a 4.0 GPA and volunteers 20 hours each week to help disabled children, Beth says "Well, Kim is an exception to the rule." NIMBY | Meaning, Examples, & Facts | Britannica b. the just-world phenomenon. a. ingroup bias. We group household objects together as furniture, certain domestic animals as pets, and certain books as classics. Categories are helpful because they provide a mental roadmap for how to interact in novel situations. Being aware of our own tendency to fixate on the negative is also important. This statement best reflects the: Victoria is a fifth grader in Carson Elementary School. c. Conflict A tendency to favor one's own group is called: been more racially prejudiced than others. Then create a word search puzzle using the sentences-without the word as clues. This includes interference, displacement, and Stereotypes are the _______ component of a negative attitude towards a group of people. Ingroup favoritismthe tendency to favor members of one's own group over those in other groupsis well documented, but the mechanisms driving this behavior are not well understood. Groups give us a sense of social identity: a sense of belonging to the social world. There are also lots of stereotypes regarding each race. Indicators of aversive racism correlate with discriminatory behavior, despite being the ambiguous result of good intentions gone bad. triangular theory of love. Which branch of psychology is most connected with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another, Attribution theory was designed to account for, Ksana insists that her boyfriends car accident resulted form his carelessness. a. groupthink bias b.ingroup bias c.outgroup bias d. intergroup bias According to current research of aggression, which of the following statements is. The orientation of all people is "growth, autonomy, and freedom from control by external forces" (Schunk, 2016, p. 349). Joie, age 19, is a Black female university sophomore. Use each of these words in a sentence that reflects the word's meaning in the chapter. Tendency - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms | Vocabulary.com Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias, The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Tendency - definition of tendency by The Free Dictionary the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another, the theory that we explain someones behavior by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition, the tendency for observers, when analyzing anothers behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition, feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events, occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts, occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speakers attractiveness, the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request, a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave, the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent.