The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Sun Yat-Sen emerged as China's first "professional" revolutionary, having gained an international reputation by being abducted by Qing agents in the Chinese Embassy in London in 1896. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White . Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. Alternate titles: Bailianjiao, Pai-lien chiao, San Jos State University - The White Lotus Religion in China. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. Dimitri Vegas, Steve Aoki The White Lotus Theme (Aloha!) The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. [13], Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under Mongol rule. The elites' self-proclaimed position as outsiders contributed to their eventual demise. Red Turban Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia [2][3]. ", McCaffrey, Cecily. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. Contents 1 Daze Village Uprising 2 Rebellion of the Seven States 3 Llin 4 Chimei 5 Yellow Turban Rebellion 6 Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion 7 An Shi Rebellion 8 Red Turban Rebellion 9 Li Zicheng's Rebellion 10 Revolt of the Three Feudatories The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. At the . Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. The rebellion soon grew in numbers and power, and eventually became a serious concern for the oppressive Amarr empire . "[5] Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. Matt, I think religion played an important rule in peasants' rebellion in ancient China. White Lotus Rebellion Flashcards | Quizlet Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the deeply forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless "floating" people (liumin ) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. How did the Rebellion impact the Qing dynasty? Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. 10 New Religions That Were Mercilessly Crushed - Listverse The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In his opening speech, Satan vows never to "repent or change" (line 969696). White Lotus Rebellion | Infoplease - Fact Monster It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the densely forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless peasant refugees(liumin, see also shed people) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. Local disaffection broke out in the so-called White Lotus Rebellion of 1796-1804, which was centerd in the Szechwan- Shensi- Hupeh- Honan border regions. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). "The Great Yn: China's Last Imperial Dynasty" WIP that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. The White Lotus Rebellion Another important rebellion launched by members of the White Lotus Society was the White Lotus Rebellion . But as oue leader fell or was captured, another replaced him, and as the rebellion was extinguished in one place, it blazed out in another. White Lotus Rebellion, (17961804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (16441911/12). Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). The History of White Lotus Rebellion - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. Updates? BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion."[7]. One Qing response was to suppress the word "revolution" by banning it from their world-history textbooks. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. We are committed to providing our patients care in the same warm, caring, and professional manner we would extend to members of our own family. What anecdote, or short personal story, does Didion tell at the beginning of the essay "Georgia O'Keeffe"? The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. The rebels are all our own subjects. It was an organized religion, which was once popular in Yuan Dynasty. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government in 1804, it marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. in, Gaustad, Blaine C. "Prophets and pretenders: inter-sect competition in Qianlong China. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). Within China, dissent grew, and the empire began to crumble from within. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. The Tipng Rebellion (1850-1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of the capital in 1853. When the last Chinese dynastythe Qing dynastyfell in 19111912, it marked the end of the nation's incredibly long imperial history. The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hngjn Qy) was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty of China, eventually leading to its overthrowing. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late Imperial China Write in the blank the verb and tense indicated in parentheses. The young pretender, Wang Fa-sheng, was never any other than a puppet in the hands of the leaders. ." The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. Qing rule gradually collapsed during the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, due to a complicated interplay between internal and external factors. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." The Qing had forbidden agriculture in the northern regions, which were left to the Mongol pastoralists, but the introduction of new world crops such as potato and maize opened the northern region plains farming. The White Lotus Rebellion - Home Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." . The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. (2020, August 27). Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. These three Atlantic RevolutionsAmerican, French, and Haitianwere part of a broader world crisis at the end of the eighteenth century. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. They are not like some external tribe . These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). Another major contributing factor to the downfall of the Qing dynasty was European imperialism and China's gross miscalculation of the power and ruthlessness of the British crown. In 1774, one instance of a derivative sect, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing near the city of Linqing. In response, the Qing Empress Dowager Cixi clamped down hard on reformers. France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. ." It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion.". White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. [12] The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. [1] As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many Han Chinese who found solace in the worship of Wusheng Laomu . The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. [3] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. Bailianjiao (www.chinaknowledge.de) In 1896, Yan Fu translated Herbert Spencer's treatises on social Darwinism. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. The Qings were from Manchuria, and they established their dynasty as a conquering force of the Ming dynasty by non-Chinese outsiders, maintaining that identity and organization throughout their 268-year reign. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. If mathematical, chemical, physical and other formulas are not displayed correctly on this page, please useFirefox or Safari, For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Conscientious objection to military taxation, List of historical acts of tax resistance, National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee, The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest, Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty, Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet, Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. In the stockades they were organized into local militia defense corps. White Lotus | Chinese cult | Britannica White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. . Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. [10], The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. _____ us amazing stories about her youth in Hong Kong. The White Lotus Rebellion White Lotus (Pai-lien chiao) sectarianism appealed to Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. White Lotus Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. Civil conflicts including the White Lotus Rebellion (1774-1805), Xinjiang wars (1820s and 1860s) and Taiping Civil War (1850-64) broke out across Qing China. [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). With its weaknesses exposed, China began to lose power over its peripheral regions. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Chien-lung | Encyclopedia.com When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. History & Facts of The White Lotus Movement - China Underground Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. [6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Main article: White Lotus Rebellion Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan from Hubei and Shaanxi in central China as tax protests. 7 Population Milestones for 7 Billion People | Live Science The first Chinese immigrant to the United Sta, boxer Alissa, Clarissa, kisser, Larissa, Marisa, Melissa, Orissa, reminiscer fixer, mixer, sixer convincer, mincer, pincer, rinser, wincer Amrits, White Lafitte Jos (Silvestre de los Dolores), White House Correspondents' Association Dinner 2006 Speech, White Hot: The Mysterious Murder of Thelma Todd, White Nights (Belye Nochi) by Fedor Dostoevskii, 1848, https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. When Chinese peasants raised a huge anti-foreigner movement in 1900, called the Boxer Rebellion, they initially opposed both the Qing ruling family and the European powers (plus Japan). "White Lotus Rebellion Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. It took nine years of warfare and great loss of life before the rebellion was put down. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent . Corrections? The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. Vast sums of money earmarked for the campaign against the rebels, however, were embezzled by the imperial favourite Heshen and his friends. Tibet has been an independent country throughout the historical period and since time immemorial according to Tibetans' own myth-based sense of, Xinjiang (shnjyng) or Sinkiang (shnjyng, snkyng) [Chinese,=new frontier], officially Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Mandarin Xinjiang U, For more information on Chinese history and culture, seeVol. Beginning as enslavement protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many citizens. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Imperial Mistakes A pattern emerged of growing rice in the valley bottoms, corn on the lower mountain slopes, and Irish potatoes on the higher land. Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. White Lotus Dental - Frisco, TX - Nextdoor [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. This is a list of major rebellions that have occurred in China from 209 BCE to present times. White Lotus Rebellion | Detailed Pedia [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. "White Lotus Rebellion [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX The Qing state banned the religion, and it, The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). Omissions? The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. The calamitous Opium Wars seemed to prove that the alien ruling dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and needed to be overthrown. The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. A White Lotus rebellion known as the Red Turban Uprising helped Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, capture Beijing, but he turned against the group once he had achieved imperial power. "Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History." Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. After the strnggle had lasted six years, Lin Chi-hich was captunredd. 11-07-2011 03:30:12 ZULU. The ethnic Manchu rulers of China's Qing dynasty reigned over the Middle Kingdom beginning in 1644 CE, when they defeated the last of the Ming, up until 1912. This Liu Chi-hieh set up a youth named Wang Fa-sheng, whom he represented to be a member of the Chu family and a descendant of the Ming emperors, as the rightful sovereign of the people. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not.