Google Scholar. PDF Possible effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) on Human Health One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. To investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats, control, Wi-Fi-exposed, restrained and both Wi-Fi-exposed and restrained groups were established. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. Clin Neurophysiol. J Neuro. Eastern J Med. Chronic nonmodulated microwave radiations in mice produce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Finally, Hardell et al. Article The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. 1999;4:102. Cite this article. Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity. 2005;438:18592. Dasdag S, Balci K, Celik M, Batun S, Kaplan A, Bolaman Z, et al. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. In the group treated with 0.8W/kg, there was no significant change. 2010;2010. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. In the rat hippocampus, glucose uptake plays an important role in spatial learning and memory processes. [68] radiated Wistar rats with microwaves (30mW/cm2; SAR value, 14.1W/kg), and then detected the expression of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins and found that synaptophys in I and VAMP-2, which are synaptic fusion proteins, and synaptic vesicle proteins were abnormally expressed to different degrees. J Environ Health Sci Eng. However, these experimental results remain to be supported in repeated experiments [40,41,42]. Microwave Radiation Effects on Humans - JSTOR Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. Bioelectromagnetics. The article's subject is the investigation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the microwave frequency band in a typical human living environment, especially in shielded areas. fMicrowave Radiation Comes From Many Sources, Including: Cell phones. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. J Environ Health. Chandrasekaran K, Hatanp K, Rapoport SI, Brady DR. Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. So foods which have high water content can be very easily cooked like fresh vegetables. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. Kwon et al. 2011;35:36978. Wang et al. We should ensure that we avoid excessive exposure to microwave radiation in daily life activities and use mobile phones appropriately despite information about its positive effects. In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. Dendritic spines, which are small protrusions that extend from dendritic shafts, are also cellular compartments containing signaling molecules that are important for synaptic transmission and plasticity [88,89,90,91]. 2007;34:146779. 2015;148:150. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. PDF Electromagnetic Radiation and Human Health: A Review of Sources and Effects Acta Pharmacol Sin. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. Bioelectromagnetics. their effects on the human body are vastly different: - Non-ionizing Radiation Frequency range: 0.1 - 1013 Hz . A significant increase in ROS levels and DNA fragmentation were observed only after the astrocytes were exposed to modulated EMF for 20min, perhaps as a result of hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors. In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. Li H, Li C. Apoptosis gene expression and their relationship to mtDNA mutation in tumor tissues of gynecologic oncology patients. Behav Brain Res. Google Scholar. When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. Nat Med. Article 2006;165:63644. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. 2009;158:12639. 2014;90:2935. Int J Radiat Biol. The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. 1992;49:1818. 2000;11:4135. Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. [1] used 10 freely moving rats in which carbon electrodes were implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, et al. [16] investigated workers who worked at a television transmitter station with a frequency ranging between 202 and 209MHz, 694701MHz, 750757MHz, or 774781MHz and at a medium-wave broadcasting station. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. Cordless phone in power levels very high and microwave frequency level also high. Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. 2003;140:147. Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. 2014;8:63. Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. [21, 22] found a higher incidence of brain cancer in radar technicians and a shortened incubation period (i.e., less than 10years). Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. 1994;15:95104. The results were significant for the range from 12.518.0GHz with a service period greater than 10years. PDF What effects do mobile phones have on people's health? Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. & Hu, XJ. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. Koch C, Zador A. Neurosci Lett. . Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. Neurotoxicology. Google Scholar. Ning W, Chiang H, Yang W. Effects of GSM 1800 MHz on dendritic development of cultured hippocampal neurons. Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. Electromagn Biol Med. 2016;53:210011. [81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. 1984;4:285665. The effects are usually . Springer Nature. PubMed Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. Int J Occup Environ Health. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. Cell Biochem Biophys. Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. 2010;28:445. Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. Front Neurosci. 2010;86:37683. Mobile phone use facilitates memory in male, but not female, subjects. Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. Sareesh et al. The results showed that 2.1GHz W-CDMA-modulated microwave radiation did not cause apoptotic cell death but altered cell cycle progression [79]. The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. Then that poisonous acid harms the kidneys and nervous system. Sleep EEG alterations: effects of pulsed magnetic fields versus pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields. 2003;41:26887. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. 2011;174:211. The potential mechanisms underlying these damaging effects range from gene expression alterations in the respiratory chain, membrane damage, Ca2+ overloading, and DNA impairment [122,123,124,125,126,127,128]. Effect of mobile-phone radiation on Human health - SlideShare [84] and Sharma et al. 2009;27:556572. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. Terms and Conditions, The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1984;5:6370. 2004;23:20114. [99] used a microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus on days 7 and 14 after irradiation with a microwave at 30mW/cm2. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. 2012;112:1715. The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. Article Xiong et al. Lai et al. J Med Food. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. CAS In contrast, a central injection of a glucose carrier inhibitor induced injury to memories [110]. Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. 2004;996:8996. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. 1 Microwave Theory and Techniqes | PDF | Microwave - Scribd MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. PLoS One. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. 1994;10:13548. Behav Brain Res. 2008;169:3845. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. Gibson GE, Jope R, Blass J. Lnn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. Repeated exposure to low-level extremely low frequency-modulated microwaves affects cortex-hypothalamus interplay in freely moving rats: EEG study. Mol Brain Res. Military Med Res 4, 29 (2017). J Radiat Res (Tokyo). Technol Cancer Res Treat. Trends Neurosci. The thermal effects of exposure to RF and microwave radiation are well established and fairly well understood. 2001;93:2037. Microwave radiation can cause tissue damage by inducing localized microstructural damage to proteins [86, 87]. PDF Interactions of Electromagnetic Waves with Biological Tissue - EMR Aware Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with World J Biol Chem. [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. 2014;9:e95503. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. PubMed Central 2013;89:11007. biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. : a biochemical study on mouse brain. Microwaves Technology : Basics, Effetcs & Its Applications - ElProCus Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? [65] irradiated Wistar rats with 10, 30 and 50mW/cm2 microwaves, and the results showed that in the cerebral cortex, only glycine (Gly) and asparagine (Asp) levels were increased. Iran J Public Health. Schz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. The SAR of the two groups were 0.303W/kg and 0.003W/kg. 2000;284:30017. Cosquer et al. Merola et al. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed. 2008;22:9927. 2005;161:3314. In a report by the Poland Department of Microwave Safety, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems). Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. Im HI, Kenny PJ. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. 2006;398:2537. broad definition in terms of frequencies between. J Neurosci Methods. 2005;25:10190201. Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. Behav Brain Res. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Article Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. It has been shown that neurons are sensitive to reductions in the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in mitochondria, which have been reported to be vulnerable to microwave radiation [118]. [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. PubMed Central Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. 2009;64:2314. Wang et al. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. 2002;13:11921. How a Microwave effects the human body? by jesse aarons - Prezi Google Scholar. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. 2011;31:2293301. 2007;27:6024. Ongwijitwat S, Wong-Riley MT. 2005;360:6577. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. J Mol Neurosci. Correspondence to Cookies policy. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. Megha et al. Acetylcholine: cognitive and brain functions. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes. 2005;22:32931. While microwave oven radiation doesn't cause cancer, it can cause painful burns if you're exposed to them. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. Concurrently, in the hippocampus, acetylcholine can promote learning and memory [115, 116]. 2003;14:2436. 2008;29:52738. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. Because a childs nervous system is growing and their head is more vulnerable to radiation energy, studies that have specifically addressed whether the nervous systems of children are more susceptible to electromagnetic radiation have been performed. Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. Microwave frequencies for which the wavelengths are the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of human body produce close coupling between the body and the microwave field.