Upon learning of the fall of Tbilisi General Gudovich put the blame on the Georgians themselves. The shah's failure to respond to protests by the religious establishment, the merchants, and other classes led the merchants and clerical leaders in January 1906 to take sanctuary from probable arrest in mosques in Tehran and outside the capital. Gudovich, who sat in Georgievsk at the time, instructed Erekle to avoid "expense and fuss",[38] while Erekle, together with Solomon II and some Imeretians headed southwards of Tbilisi to fend off the Iranians. Reza Shah was the founder of the Pahlavi dynasty and Shah of Iran (Persia) from 1925 to 1941. See also H. Arfa, Under Five Shahs, London, 1964. Il fut le dernier Shah de la Dynastie Qajar. Painting from Golestan collection depicting Soltan Ahmad Shah, his . [20][79], Irregular forces, such as tribal cavalry, were a major element until the late nineteenth century, and irregular forces long remained a significant part of the Qajar army. | Photograph shows Ahmad Shah Qajar (1898-1930), who was Shah of Iran from 1909 to 1925 and was the last leader of the Qajar dynasty. Following the death of Nader Shah in 1747, many tribal chiefs rose in revolt in the hope of taking over the . ahmad shah qajar cause of death - theactiongrouphr.com After the start of the Russian Revolution, many tsarist supporters remained in Persia as members of the Cossack Brigade rather than fighting for or against the Soviet Union. It demarcated a borderline through their territory along the Araxes river, a border that still today divides the Azerbaijani people." From this moment, Re Khan became the real power in Iran behind the making and unmaking of successive cabinets. [17] The area to the North of the river Aras, among which the territory of the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan, eastern Georgia, Dagestan, and Armenia was Iranian territory until they were occupied by Russia in the course of the 19th century.[18][53][54][55][56][57][58]. sap next talent program salary. AMAD SHAH QJR - Encyclopaedia Iranica Persian administrators thought the reforms could strengthen the country against foreign influences. The story of Malekeh Jahan's attempt is told in her grand-son's book on the Qajars (Kadjars), Les . Amad Shah at first appeared inclined to join them and to transfer his capital farther south; but he was dissuaded from doing so by the British and Russian ministers in Tehran. In the early 20th century, the Persian Constitutional Revolution created an elected parliament or Majilis, and sought the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, deposing Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar for Ahmad Shah Qajar, but many of the constitutional reforms were reversed by an intervention led by the Russian Empire. On December 12, a special constituent assembly modified articles 36, 37, 38, and 40 of the constitution and by a vote of 257 to 3 conferred the crown on Re Shah and his male heirs. On 28 October 1923, Re Khan induced a reluctant Amad Shah to appoint him prime minister. The Qajar rulers were members of the Karagz or "Black-Eye" sect of the Qajars, who themselves were members of the Qajars (tribe) or "Black Hats" lineage of the Oghuz Turks. In 1796, he was formally crowned as shah. Storming of Lankaran, 13 January 1813. Shah died in San Remo, Italy, in April 1925. Ahmad Shah Qajar - Wikipedia By June 1914, Russia established near-total control over its northern zone, while Britain had established influence over Baluch and Bakhtiari autonomous tribal leaders in the southeastern zone. The weakness of the government in the face of such aggression by an atheist foreign power sparked seething anger among many traditional Persians including the young Ruhollah Khomeini, who would later condemn both Communism and monarchy as treason against Persia's sovereignty and the laws of Islam. [63] As the Cambridge History of Iran states; "The steady encroachment of Russian troops along the frontier in the Caucasus, General Yermolov's brutal punitive expeditions and misgovernment, drove large numbers of Muslims, and even some Georgian Christians, into exile in Iran."[64]. [20][78] The Persian monarchy became more of a symbolic concept in which Russian diplomats were themselves powerbrokers in Iran and the monarchy was dependent on British and Russian loans for funds. [10] In his quest for power, he razed cities, massacred entire populations, and blinded some 20,000 men in the city of Kerman because the local populace had chosen to defend the city against his siege.[10]. Agha Mohammad Khan was known as one of the cruelest kings, even by the standards of 18th-century Iran. Eighty deputies voted in favor of the bill, twenty abstained, and only five opposed it. [71] As a result of the Treaty of Gulistan (1813) and the Treaty of Turkmenchay (1828), Iran was forced to cede Iranian Armenia (which also constituted the present-day Armenia), to the Russians. [45] The next two years were a time of muddle and confusion, and the weakened and devastated Georgian kingdom, with its capital half in ruins, was easily absorbed by Russia in 1801. [28] Among these Turkic tribes, however, Turkmens of Iran played the most prominent role in bringing Qajars to power. Ahamad 6.jpg 420 333 . (court literature/language, administrative, cultural, official), Reconquest of Georgia and the rest of the Caucasus, Wars with Russia and irrevocable loss of territories. 3556. [76] Foreign interference in Persia's domestic affairs was curtailed, and foreign trade was encouraged. On his return to Tehran on April 1, he recommended that all discussion on establishing a republic cease. 657-660; an updated version is available online at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ahmad-shah-qajar-1909-1925-the-seventh-and-last-ruler-of-the-qajar-dynasty (accessed on 19 March 2014). [46][47] In 1804, the Russians invaded and sacked the Iranian town of Ganja, massacring and expelling thousands of its inhabitants,[48] thereby beginning the Russo-Persian War of 18041813. (Optional) Enter email address if you would like feedback about your tag. [88][87], Though Qajar Iran had announced strict neutrality on the first day of November 1914 (which was reiterated by each successive government thereafter),[89] the neighboring Ottoman Empire invaded it relatively shortly after, in the same year. [33], The consequences of these events came a few years later when a strong new Iranian dynasty under the Qajars emerged victorious in the protracted power struggle in Persia. Out of the greater part of the territory, six separate nations would be formed through the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, namely Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and three generally unrecognized republics Abkhazia, Artsakh and South Ossetia claimed by Georgia. The Moderates and Democrats often clashed, particularly when it came to minority rights and secularism. Ahmad Shah died on February 21, 1930, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. Popular demand to curb arbitrary royal authority in favor of the rule of law increased as concern regarding growing foreign penetration and influence heightened. Ahmad Shh Qjr | The Kaiserreich Wiki | Fandom M. J. Sheikh-ol-Islami, AMAD SHAH QJR, Encyclopdia Iranica, I/6, pp. P. Sykes, A History of Persia, 2nd ed., London, 1921. or smaller. In 1923, Ahmad Shah left Persia for Europe for health reasons. ), High Road to Command: The Diaries of Major-General Sir Edmund Ironside, 1920-22, London, 1972. ahmad shah qajar cause of death. [66] The initial ranks of the brigade would be entirely composed of Circassians and other Caucasian Muhajirs. His son, Fath Ali Khan (born c. 16851693) was a renowned military commander during the rule of the Safavid shahs Sultan Husayn and Tahmasp II. The assemblys resolutions stipulated that no member of the Qajar family could ever accede to the throne. ahmad shah qajar cause of death - simssuccessgroup.com ahmad shah qajar cause of death - dura-fog.com Qajar Iran - Wikipedia [35] A limited Russian contingent of two infantry battalions with four artillery pieces arrived in Tbilisi in 1784,[33] but was withdrawn in 1787, despite the frantic protests of the Georgians, as a new war against Ottoman Turkey had started on a different front. During Nasser-e-Din Shah's reign, Western science, technology, and educational methods were introduced into Persia and the country's modernization was begun. G. Waterfield, Professional Diplomat, Sir Percy Loraine, London, 1973. However, until 1907 the Great Game rivalry was so pronounced that mutual British and Russian demands to the Shah to exclude the other, blocked all railroad construction in Iran at the end of the 19th century. Royal extravagances coincided with an inadequate ability to secure state revenue which further exacerbated the financial woes of the Qajar. [72][73] After the Russian administration took hold of Iranian Armenia, the ethnic make-up shifted, and thus for the first time in more than four centuries, ethnic Armenians started to form a majority once again in one part of historic Armenia. [20][23] Qajar Iran's territorial integrity was further weakened during the Persian campaign of World War I and the invasion by the Ottoman Empire. Jahrhundert, Berlin, 1966, p. 4. E. Lesueur, Les Anglais en Perse, Paris, 1921. The Second Majlis convened in November 1910 and just like the First Majlis, did not lead to any relevant accomplishment. "Ardabil Becomes a Province: Center-Periphery Relations in Iran", H. E. Chehabi, K. M. Rhrborn. [citation needed]. He hired French and Russian instructors as well as Persians to teach subjects as different as Language, Medicine, Law, Geography, History, Economics, and Engineering, amongst numerous others. The British had already decided on a withdrawal from Iran; and the date for Russian troop withdrawal was set for 1 April 1921. Azizi, Mohammad-Hossein. The rebels then convened the Grand Majles of 500 delegates from different backgrounds, which placed Ahmad Shah, Mohammad Ali's eleven-year-old son, on the Sun Throne. But his intention to leave the country to its fate and save his own vast fortune at the first convenient opportunity remained unchanged. [20][80] Russia and Britain had competing investments in the industrialisation of Iran including roads and telegraph lines,[81] as a way to profit and extend their influence. [21]:20,74 Ever since the 1828 Treaty of Turkmanchay, Russia had received territorial domination in Iran. A wise and honest counselor, he did much to dispel the mistrust and ill-feeling generated during the reign of Moammad-Al Shah. Following Shah Abbas I's massive relocation of Armenians and Muslims in 160405,[70] their numbers dwindled even further. During the coup, Reza Khan used three thousand men and only eighteen machine guns, a very bloodless coup that moved forward quickly. Ahmad Shahi Pavilion (Persian: - Koushk-e Ahmad Shhi) is located in the Niavaran Complex, in the north of Tehran, Iran.Ahmad Shahi Pavilion is beside Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's dwelling, Niavaran Palace and the oldest building there, Sahebgharaniyeh Palace.The Pavilion was built at the end of the Qajar era as Ahmad Shah's dwelling among Niavaran garden. [33] It was therefore natural for Agha Mohammad Khan to perform whatever necessary means in the Caucasus in order to subdue and reincorporate the recently lost regions following Nader Shah's death and the demise of the Zands, including putting down what in Iranian eyes was seen as treason on the part of the vali of Georgia. Modern scholars of character and integrity, such as ok-al-molk For, ok-al-dawla affr and Kaml-al-molk were named to replace the departing teaching staff. The young princes parents, about to go into exile abroad, were reluctant to part with him; but a constitutional crisis was avoided when they were persuaded to surrender the boy-king to a delegation of constitutionalists (E. G. Browne, The Persian Revolution of 1905-1909, Cambridge, 1910, p. 326). Ahmad Shah Qajar - Exile In November, Re Khan marched to zestn where he secured aals submission. The Anglo-Persian Agreement itself was finally abrogated in 1921, when successive Iranian cabinets found themselves unable to submit it to Parliament for approval. A painting with an almost identical pose but of a younger Ahmad Shah hangs in the residence of his nephew and present Head of the Imperial Kadjar House, Soltan Ali Mirza Kadjar. 5, No. By the late 19th century, many Persians believed that their rulers were beholden to foreign interests. Erekle II returned to Tbilisi to rebuild the city, but the destruction of his capital was a death blow to his hopes and projects. THE IRANIAN: Ahmad Shah, Manoutchehr Eskandari-Qajar On the Iranian side Woq was the chief architect of the treaty, and the British considered his continuation in office essential to the treatys ratification and implementation. Media in category "Ahmad Shah Qajar" The following 51 files are in this category, out of 51 total. [1] For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for Ahmad Shah Qajar. In 1923, Ahmad Shah went into exile in Europe. akm-al-molk and Mostawf succeeded in removing many harmful influences from Amad Shahs immediate entourage. [87] Qajar Iran would become a battleground between Russian, Ottoman, and British forces in the Persian campaign of World War I. . 21 June 1972 in Tabriz, Azerbaijan, Persia) in exile in San Remo, Italy. Four years after the 1921 Persian coup d'tat, Reza Shah took power in 1925 and formed the Imperial State of Persia. Soltan Ahmad Shah is ten or eleven years old here. The Majles also democratized the electoral system, diminished the electoral dominance of Tehran, and even lowered the voting age from twenty-five to twenty. Juli 1909 bis zum 31. In March, 1924, he wired Re Khan instructing him to suppress the republican movement. In the last few decades of the 18th century, Georgia had become a more important element in Russo-Iranian relations than some provinces in northern mainland Persia, such as Mazandaran or even Gilan. [citation needed] However, with the advent of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent withdrawal of most of the Russian troops, the Ottomans gained the upper hand in Iran, occupying significant portions of the country until the end of the war. Er war der letzte Herrscher der Kadscharen . A directorate of elder statesmen established to run the country until the convening of the new parliament, named Mostawf-al-mamlek, a popular nobleman, to the influential post of minister of the court and a distinguished democrat, akm-al-molk, to serve as Mostawfs right hand man. In 1796, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar seized Mashhad with ease,[15] putting an end to the Afsharid dynasty. " ", "The Russian Military Mission and the Birth of the Persian Cossack Brigade: 18791894", "RUSSIA v. RUSSIANS AT THE COURT OF MOAMMAD-ALI SHAH", "Opinion | The Editorial Notebook; Persia: The Great Game Goes On", "Portraits and Pictures of Soltan Ahmad Shah Qajar (Kadjar)", "The Military of Qajar Iran: The Features of an Irregular Army from the Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Century", "The Swedish-led Gendarmerie in Persia 19111916 State Building and Internal Colonization", "SWEDEN ii. gh Moammad Khn, (born 1742, Gorgn, Irandied 1797, near Shusha), founder and first ruler of the Qjr dynasty of Iran. The agreement was deeply resented in France and openly denounced by the American minister in Tehran, who promised the Iranian nationalists his countrys full support in resisting this colonial pact (M. T. Bahr, Tr-emotaar-e azb-e ss, vol. 1 (Jan. 1974). He was not able to prevent Britain and Russia from encroaching into regions of traditional Persian influence. (XIX . [23][86], British and Russian officials coordinated as the Russian army, still present in Persia, invaded the capital again and suspended the parliament. [97], The Qajar military was one of the dynasty's largest conventional sources of legitimacy, albeit was increasingly influenced by foreign powers over the course of the dynasty. Reza Khan induced the Majles to depose Ahmad Shah in October 1925 and to exclude the Qajar dynasty permanently. This article is available in print.Vol. In 1779, following the death of Moammad Karm Khn Zand, the Zand dynasty ruler of southern Iran, gh Moammad Khn (reigned 1779-97), a leader of the Turkmen Qjr tribe, set out to reunify Iran. After Teimuraz II died in 1762, Erekle II assumed control over Kartli, and united the two kingdoms in a personal union as the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, becoming the first Georgian ruler to preside over a politically unified eastern Georgia in three centuries. ahmad shah qajar cause of death Map of Iran under the Qajar dynasty in the 19th century. In 1744, Nader Shah had granted the kingship of the Kartli and Kakheti to Teimuraz II and his son Erekle II (Heraclius II) respectively, as a reward for their loyalty. Princess Homayoundokht resides in France. 141-42). [16], In the Caucasus, the Qajar dynasty permanently lost much territory[17] to the Russian Empire over the course of the 19th century, comprising modern-day eastern Georgia, Dagestan, Azerbaijan, and Armenia. 270 winchester load data sierra Facebook; edwyn collins a girl like you Twitter; sony jobs near illinois Google+; evergreen state college ranking . He had four children, each by a different wife. He interfered in political appointments that lay outside his jurisdiction; he engaged in corrupt practices that came to be widely known, for example in grain speculation, in order to augment his already considerable fortune; and his avariciousness was noted even by foreign observers, including the British minister to Tehran, who reported in a dispatch that the best way to keep the shah well-disposed towards England was to give him, or obtain for him, as much money as we can for that is what he loves most in the world (Norman to Curzon, 25 June 1920, Documents on British Foreign Policy, first series, XIII, London, 1963, p. 538). The Grand Majlis enacted many reforms. If implemented, the treaty would have put an end to Irans political independence and for all practical purposes made England Irans guardian and protector. Ahmad Shah was formally crowned on 21 July 1914, upon reaching his majority. Matters came to a head when Morgan Shuster, a United States administrator hired as treasurer-general by the Persian government to reform its finances, sought to collect taxes from powerful officials who were Russian protgs and to send members of the treasury gendarmerie, a tax department police force, into the Russian zone. J. M. Balfour, Recent Happenings in Persia, London, 1922. Between 1914 and 1918, the Ottoman troops massacred many thousands of Iran's Assyrian and Armenian population, as part of the Assyrian and Armenian genocides, respectively.[91][92]. Scroll. They had four children: Touradj Panahi, Shahla Panahi, Malek Iradj Panahi, Shirine Panahi, all residing in Europe today. Uncles, aunts, cousins, had unhampered access to Amad Shah. The front in Iran would last up to the Armistice of Mudros in 1918. [95], Iran was divided into five large provinces and a large number of smaller ones at the beginning of Fath Ali Shah's reign, about 20 provinces in 1847, 39 in 1886, but 18 in 1906. [clarification needed] Furthermore, under the Anglo-Persian Agreement, Persia received only a small fraction of the income generated by the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. Ahmad Shah Qajar was born on month day 1898, at birth place, to Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar and Malika-i-Jahan Khanum Qajar. State Hermitage Museum. Amad Shah's position was considerably affected when on 21 February 1921exactly 40 days before the British troops were to begin their evacuation of Irana division of the Persian Cossack brigade under the command of Re Khan marched from Qazvn to Tehran and occupied the capital. Battle of Sultanabad, 13 February 1812. [104], At the end of the Qajar dynasty in 1925, Reza Shah's Pahlavi army would include members of the gendarmerie, Cossacks, and former members of the South Persia Rifles.[100]. With the shahs departure, an extensive campaign, encouraged by Re Khan, was initiated in favor of the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic on the model of neighboring Turkey. Soltan Ahmad Shah Qajar, Shahanshah - geni family tree Reza Khan was subsequently proclaimed monarch as Reza Shah Pahlavi, reigning from 1925 to 1941. Iran had by these two treaties, in the course of the 19th century, irrevocably lost the territories which had formed part of the concept of Iran for centuries. [38] Erekle appealed then to his theoretical protector, Empress Catherine II of Russia, asking for at least 3,000 Russian troops,[38] but he was ignored, leaving Georgia to fend off the Persian threat alone. When Aod-al-molk died on 22 September 1910, he was replaced as regent by Abul-Qsem Ner-al-molk, an Oxonian who counted among his contemporaries at Oxford Lord Curzon and Sir Edward Grey, both destined to become British foreign secretaries in the next decade. Ahmad Shah Qajar Biography - Shah of Iran from 1909 to 1925 In 1856, during the Anglo-Persian War, Britain prevented Persia from reasserting control over Herat. On 21 February 1921, Ahmad Shah was pushed aside in a military coup by Colonel Reza Khan, Minister of War and commander of the Persian Cossack Brigade, who subsequently seized the post of Prime Minister. This greatly enhanced Re Khans standing and he began to encourage a movement for the transfer of the crown from Amad Shah to himself. The Qajar armies at that time were mostly composed of Turkoman warriors and Georgian slaves. info)), also referred to as Qajar Persia,[7] the Qajar Empire,[a] Sublime State of Persia, officially the Sublime State of Iran (Persian: Dowlat-e 'Aliyye-ye Irn) and also known as the Guarded Domains of Iran (Persian: Mamlek-e Mahruse-ye Irn[8]), was an Iranian state[9] ruled by the Qajar dynasty, which was of Turkic origin,[10][11][12] specifically from the Qajar tribe, from 1789 to 1925. Some of these groups included the Ayrums, Qarapapaqs, Circassians, Shia Lezgins, and other Transcaucasian Muslims. All documents tagged "Ahmad Shah Qajar" - bahai-library.com war Schah von Persien vom 16. [39] Nevertheless, Erekle II still rejected Agha Mohammad Khan's ultimatum. Maker(s) Artist: Assad-Allah al-Husayni Naqqash-bashi (Iran, active early 20th century) Historical period(s) Qajar period, 1915 (1334 A.H.); redated 1910 (1328 A.H.) Medium Oil on canvas Dimensions [89] Due to the latter reason, as Prof. Dr. Touraj Atabaki states, declaring neutrality was useless, especially as Iran had no force to implement this policy. Provinzen und Zentralgewalt Persiens im 16. und 17. [38], With half of the troop's Agha Mohammad Khan crossed the Aras river with, he now marched directly upon Tbilisi, where it commenced into a huge battle between the Iranian and Georgian armies. The Qajars were resettled by Shah Abbas I throughout Iran. Ahmad Shah Qajar (Persian: ; 21 January 1898 - 21 February 1930) was Shah of Iran from 16 July 1909 to 15 December 1925, and the last ruling member of the Qajar dynasty.. Ahmad Shah was born in Tabriz on 21 January 1898 and ascended to the throne at the age of 12 after the removal of his father Mohammad-Ali Shah by the Parliament on 16 July 1909. History of Iran: Qajar Dynasty Qajars filled a number of diplomatic missions and governorships in the 1617th centuries for the Safavids. [17], On 12 September 1801, four years after Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's death, the Russians capitalized on the moment, and annexed Kartli-Kakheti (eastern Georgia). In 1797, Agha Mohammad Khan was assassinated in Shusha, the capital of Karabakh Khanate, and was succeeded by his nephew, Fath-Ali Shah Qajar. The British Ambassador, George Head Barclay reported disapproval of this "reign of terror", though would soon pressure Persian ministers to officialize the Anglo-Russian partition of Iran. [62][65] The death of Mohammad- Ali Shah Qajar (b. The hopes for the constitutional rule were not realized, however. Ahmad Shah Qajar (Persian: ; 21 January 1898 21 February 1930) was Shah of Persia (Iran) from 16 July 1909 to 15 December 1925, and the last ruling member of the Qajar dynasty.[1]. However, the Turkish Grand National Assembly had on March 3 passed three laws abolishing the caliphate, suppressing the ministry of religious affairs and the system of awqf (religious endowments) and placing all religious schools and seminaries under the national ministry of education. Ahmad Shah Qajar. Date of death: 21 February 1930 Neuilly-sur-Seine: Place of burial: Karbala; Country of citizenship: Iran; Occupation: politician; Position held: Shah (1909-1925) Noble title: Shah; . He founded the Pahlavi dynasty, after ending the century-old Qajar dynasty, and subsequently introduced and implemented steps to improve the prevailing social, economic and political conditions in Iran. He founded the first modern hospital in Iran.[75]. Public anger mounted as the Shah sold off concessions such as road building monopolies, the authority to collect duties on imports, etc. Marching on Tehran, the Soviets extracted ever more humiliating concessions from the Persian government whose ministers Ahmad Shah was often unable to control. Solidly Persian-speaking territories of Iran were lost, with all its inhabitants in it. Fath Ali Khan's son Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar (17221758) was the father of Mohammad Khan Qajar and Hossein Qoli Khan (Jahansouz Shah), father of "Baba Khan," the future Fath-Ali Shah Qajar. Mirza Taghi Khan Amir Kabir, was the young prince Nasser-e-Din's advisor and constable. "The historical backgrounds of the Ministry of Health foundation in Iran." Nasser ed-Din Shah tried to exploit the mutual distrust between Great Britain and Russia to preserve Persia's independence, but foreign interference and territorial encroachment increased under his rule. [33] He viewed, like the Safavids and Nader Shah before him, the territories no different from the territories in mainland Iran. Due to his young age, his uncle, Ali Reza Khan Azod al-Molk, governed as regent. With the arrival of the Cossacks in Tehran, the cabinet fell and the feeble prime minister, Fatallh Akbar, took sanctuary in the British embassy. A leading figure was the shahs maternal grandfather, Kmrn Mrz. Several trade concessions by the Persian government put economic affairs largely under British control. This is a rare picture of Soltan Ahmad Shah at 13. One of the greatest achievements of Amir Kabir was the building of Dar ol Fonoon in 1851, the first modern university in Persia and the Middle East. Ahmad Qajar - Historical records and family trees - MyHeritage Thus ended the reign of Amad Shah and the 130-year-old Qajar dynasty. Within 126 years between the demise of the Safavid state and the rise of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, the Qajars had evolved from a shepherd-warrior tribe with strongholds in northern Persia into a Persian dynasty with all the trappings of a Perso-Islamic monarchy. M. Malekzda, Tr-eenqelb-e maryat-e rn IV, Tehran, 1331 ./1952. [9], "Like virtually every dynasty that ruled Persia since the 11th century, the Qajars came to power with the backing of Turkic tribal forces, while using educated Persians in their bureaucracy". The action by Re Khan and his colleagues came at a moment of national crisis and a general belief that upon the withdrawal of British and Soviet forces local communist forces in Gln would march on Tehran and the shahs government would collapse.